Degraded and infertile soils are formed from the weathering products of granite and sandstones. These rocks are rich in silica, poor in minerals containing alkali and alkaline earth metals. When weathered, they produce soil with light, coarse mechanical composition, mixed with many durable primary minerals. This soil group has a total area of 3,122,700 hectares, accounting for 9.82% of the country’s natural land area.
Soil is an extremely important factor in determining the growth and development of crops. But currently, the situation of stunted crops, slow growth or even abandoned land due to infertile and degraded soil occurs a lot.
Most of the causes of soil degradation are caused by human activities. The main causes of poor soil quality in agriculture are:
- Monoculture: When a crop has a high value, people start to grow it in droves, causing an imbalance in the ecosystem. Monoculture is very common in areas specializing in industrial crops.
- Soil contaminated with heavy metals due to human waste: Such as domestic and industrial waste, domestic and industrial wastewater, and food processing wastewater.
- Cut down forests for farming: Usually in remote areas with many ethnic minorities, they cut down forests to make land for cultivation. But there are no measures to prevent soil erosion and leaching when it rains. Leading to increasingly thin arable land, less and less nutrients, becoming degraded soil.
- Overuse of chemical fertilizers: The soil has residual chemicals that plants have not absorbed in time, the excess amount of nutrients causes the soil to become acidic, leading to soil acidification, soil poisoning, leading to stunted growth and poor productivity.
- Soil is contaminated with salt due to improper use of fertilizers: In some areas, people often use untreated composted fish manure for vegetables. This type of fertilizer contains high sodium content. When added to the soil, it will break down the soil structure, making the soil unable to drain.
- Overuse of pesticides: Makes the soil environment increasingly polluted, the soil becomes degraded and has no nutrients.
Improving degraded soil helps farmers to continue farming without wasting that land.
Here are some measures to improve soil that has lost nutrients.
- Liming: Helps prevent soil degradation; Eliminates the harmful effects of salinity; Inhibits the growth of fungi in the soil and Promotes the effectiveness of organic and inorganic fertilizers. However, liming will destroy both harmful and beneficial microorganisms; inorganic fertilizers such as Urea, SA, NPK, DAP, Phosphate… are all incompatible with lime; When applying lime, do not mix it with any other type of fertilizer.
- Covering the soil: Helps limit soil evaporation, keep the soil moist, limit weeds and keep plants warm. However, this will cause nutritional competition with the main crop in the early stages, so producers need to fertilize and prevent pests and diseases for both types of plants.
- Using Organic Carbon: This is a product from Japan used in soil improvement activities, deacidification, alum reduction, and fertility increase. Use by mixing with water and spraying to easily penetrate the soil, increasing the ability to activate pesticide residues in the soil. Create an environment for microorganisms to develop to increase crop yields.
- Other organic measures: Regularly change the crop structure and apply organic fertilizers to increase soil fertility. Organic fertilizers such as manure, green manure, etc. can be used, or agricultural waste such as straw, peat, household waste, etc.
CÔNG TY CỔ PHẦN TƯƠNG LAI THÔNG MINH NHẬT VIỆT
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