{"id":27363,"date":"2025-08-01T14:32:30","date_gmt":"2025-08-01T07:32:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/?p=27363"},"modified":"2025-11-02T16:36:18","modified_gmt":"2025-11-02T09:36:18","slug":"solutions-enhance-productivity-wet-rice-cultivation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/solutions-enhance-productivity-wet-rice-cultivation\/","title":{"rendered":"Solutions for Wet Rice Cultivation to Enhance Productivity and Sustainability"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"27363\" class=\"elementor elementor-27363 elementor-26571\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47c786d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47c786d4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a3c4fe2\" data-id=\"1a3c4fe2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b675580 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b675580\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.7.8 - 02-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2>Introduction: Towards 1 Million Hectares of High-Quality, Low-Emission Rice<\/h2>\nVietnam is on the verge of a historic transformation in its rice industry with the government-approved project &#8220;Sustainable Development of 1 Million Hectares of High-Quality, Low-Emission Rice Cultivation linked to Green Growth in the Mekong Delta by 2030&#8221;. This project not only aims to increase the value of Vietnamese rice but also demonstrates the nation&#8217;s strong commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change. To realize this ambitious goal, finding and applying advanced, environmentally friendly technological solutions is an urgent requirement. This report will provide an in-depth analysis of a breakthrough solution: the application of organic carbon compounds, specifically the <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong> product from <a href=\"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JVSF<\/a>, as a foundational tool to simultaneously address the challenges of the rice industry, from soil remediation and yield enhancement to lodging resistance and emission reduction, fully aligning with the direction of the 1 Million Hectares project.\n<h2>I. In-depth Overview: The Foundational Role of Organic Carbon in Rice Paddy Soil Health<\/h2>\nIn modern agriculture, maintaining and enhancing soil health is key to ensuring food security and sustainable development. For wet rice, a pillar of Vietnamese agriculture, soil health not only determines yield but also affects crop resilience and environmental impact. At the heart of soil health is organic carbon (OC), a fundamental indicator of fertility, biological activity, and the resilience of the soil ecosystem. A deep understanding of the nature and role of organic carbon is the first and most crucial step in harnessing its immense potential to improve the rice industry.\n<h3>1.1. Definition and Classification of Organic Carbon (OC) and Soil Organic Matter (SOM)<\/h3>\nChemically, Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) is the carbon component of Soil Organic Matter (SOM). SOM is a complex, heterogeneous mixture of all organic materials in the soil, from plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition to microbial cells and tissues, and substances synthesized by microorganisms. Scientific analyses show that organic carbon typically constitutes a stable proportion of about 50-60% (average 58%) of the total soil organic matter mass. Therefore, SOM content can be estimated by multiplying the SOC content by a factor of 1.72. It is important to emphasize that not all soil organic carbon is the same. It is classified into different &#8220;pools&#8221; or &#8220;fractions&#8221; based on size, decomposition rate, and residence time in the soil. This classification has significant practical implications for land management. Scientists often divide SOM into three main pools:\n<ol> <li><strong>Living Biomass and Fresh Residues:<\/strong> Includes living microorganisms, plant roots, and fresh plant and animal residues recently added to the soil. This is the initial source material for the decomposition cycle.<\/li> <li><strong>Active Pool:<\/strong> This group includes Particulate Organic Matter (POM) and microbial biomass. POM consists of partially decomposed organic debris where the plant origin is still recognizable. This active pool has a relatively short residence time (a few years to decades) and serves as a readily accessible source of energy and nutrients for crops and microorganisms. It is like the &#8220;checking account&#8221; of the soil, where nutrient transactions occur frequently.<\/li> <li><strong>Stable Pool or Humus:<\/strong> This is the final product of decomposition, consisting of complex organic compounds that are very small and often tightly bound to clay and silt particles, forming Mineral-Associated Organic Matter (MAOM). This carbon pool is extremely stable, with a residence time of hundreds to thousands of years, and is decisive for long-term soil properties like structure and nutrient retention. It is considered the &#8220;savings account&#8221; of the soil, ensuring its stability and long-term resilience.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nDistinguishing between these carbon pools is crucial. Farming practices like incorporating fresh straw primarily add to the active pool, providing short-term nutritional benefits but also decomposing quickly. Conversely, using processed organic carbon products (like mature compost, biochar, or high-tech products like <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong> \u2013 with its dense, non-conductive carbon structure, retaining the original nature of natural carbon) helps build the stable carbon pool, providing sustainable benefits for soil health.\n<h3>1.2. Multifaceted Impact Mechanism on Soil Properties<\/h3>\nOrganic carbon does not act in isolation but has a comprehensive impact on the three core aspects of soil: physical, chemical, and biological properties. These impacts are not independent but are closely linked, forming a positive, self-reinforcing cycle.\n<h4>Physical Properties:<\/h4>\n<ul> <li><strong>Improved Soil Structure:<\/strong> Organic carbon, especially humus compounds, acts as a biological glue, binding individual mineral particles (sand, silt, clay) into larger structures called aggregates. This aggregate structure increases soil porosity, creating more pore space for better air circulation (aeration) and easier root growth. Well-structured soil reduces the risk of compaction from agricultural machinery or heavy rain and decreases erosion as aggregates are more resistant to water and wind.<\/li> <li><strong>Increased Water-Holding Capacity:<\/strong> Soil organic matter has an outstanding ability to absorb and retain water, acting like a sponge. Studies show that SOM can hold up to 90% of its own weight in water. A 1% increase in organic matter content in the topsoil can increase the available water-holding capacity (the amount of water plants can absorb) by about 0.5-0.8 cm. This is particularly important in helping rice plants withstand temporary dry spells or on sandy soils with poor water retention.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Chemical Properties:<\/h4>\n<ul> <li><strong>Increased Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC):<\/strong> Organic molecules, especially humus, have many negative charges on their surfaces. These charges attract and hold positively charged nutrient ions (cations) such as Potassium (K^+), Calcium (Ca^{2+}), Magnesium (Mg^{2+}), and Ammonium (NH_4^+). This ability, known as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), prevents important nutrients from leaching out of the root zone, turning SOM into a &#8220;nutrient reservoir&#8221; that slowly releases them to the crop as needed. This role is especially valuable in soils with low clay content (like sandy soils) where mineral components contribute little to the soil&#8217;s CEC.<\/li> <li><strong>pH Stabilization and Buffering:<\/strong> Organic matter has a chemical buffering capacity, meaning it can resist sudden changes in soil pH caused by external factors (e.g., applying acidic or alkaline fertilizers). This ability is key to remediating problematic soils like acid sulfate soils, helping to maintain a stable and more favorable pH environment for rice growth and microbial activity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Biological Properties:<\/h4>\n<ul> <li><strong>Energy Source for the Soil Ecosystem:<\/strong> Organic carbon is the fundamental food and energy source for the entire soil food web, from bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes to larger organisms. Without this energy source, biochemical activity in the soil would cease, nutrient cycles would be disrupted, and the soil would become an inert, &#8220;dead&#8221; medium unsuitable for cultivation.<\/li> <li><strong>Promotion of Nutrient Cycling:<\/strong> The soil microbial community uses organic carbon as energy to perform crucial biochemical processes. One such process is mineralization, the breakdown of complex organic compounds to release essential nutrients like Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S) in inorganic forms that plants can directly absorb. Thus, SOM acts as a slow-release, sustainable nutrient reserve.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe physical, chemical, and biological benefits of organic carbon are not separate but create a positive feedback loop. Adding organic carbon stimulates microbial activity. These microorganisms, along with plant roots, secrete binding agents that create stable soil aggregates. Better soil structure, in turn, creates an ideal habitat (aerated, moist) for the microbial community and root system to thrive, while also protecting organic carbon from rapid decomposition. This loop shows that investing in organic carbon is not just a temporary fix but a foundational strategy for building a healthy, self-sustaining, and resilient soil ecosystem, thereby creating a solid foundation for high and stable crop yields.\n<h2>II. Optimizing Yield and Enhancing Resilience in Rice Plants<\/h2>\nAdding organic carbon to cultivated soil not only improves overall soil health but also brings direct, measurable benefits to rice plants, demonstrated through increased yield and enhanced resilience to adverse conditions, especially lodging. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/up-22-1.jpg\" alt=\"Healthy rice paddy thriving with sufficient nutrients from organic-rich soil.\" title=\"\">\n<h3>2.1. Analysis of Mechanisms Promoting Rice Growth and Yield<\/h3>\nOrganic carbon impacts rice yield through a complex chain of physiological and biochemical mechanisms, originating in the soil and spreading throughout the plant.\n<ul> <li><strong>Stimulation of Root System Development:<\/strong> Decomposed organic compounds in the soil create organic acids like humic and fulvic acids. These substances have been scientifically proven to have biological activity similar to plant growth regulators (auxins, gibberellins), strongly stimulating the formation and development of the root system. A healthy, extensive root system with many fine roots not only helps the plant anchor firmly in the soil but also significantly increases the surface area for water and nutrient absorption.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/5-up-60nss..jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"\">\n<blockquote><b>Mechanism for Deeper Root Stimulation:<\/b> Fine-particle <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong> is a direct and abundant food source for beneficial microorganisms such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, and especially Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), which can secrete natural growth hormones. In contrast, biochar primarily serves as a physical habitat (like an &#8220;apartment building&#8221; for microorganisms) without providing rapid nutritional value. Therefore, during critical stages requiring strong root stimulation (such as initiation, transplanting, tillering&#8230;), <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong> helps the beneficial microbial population to flourish, enhancing the secretion of natural auxins, thereby stimulating faster and more robust root development.<\/blockquote>\n<ul> <li><strong>Enhanced Nutrient Uptake:<\/strong> With a better-developed root system and porous soil structure, rice roots can easily penetrate deeper and wider to find water and nutrient sources. At the same time, as analyzed, organic carbon acts as a reservoir, continuously releasing macro, meso, and micronutrients in easily absorbable forms, ensuring the rice plant receives a balanced and sustainable supply of nutrients throughout its growth cycle.<\/li> <li><strong>Optimization of Photosynthesis:<\/strong> Once the rice plant is supplied with sufficient water and nutrients, its growth machinery operates more efficiently. A healthy plant with dark green, upright leaves (to be discussed further in the anti-lodging section) optimizes sunlight reception, thereby enhancing photosynthetic efficiency. Efficient photosynthesis helps the plant accumulate more dry matter, setting the stage for the formation of more panicles, grains per panicle, and heavier grains, ultimately leading to higher yields.<\/li> <li><strong>Experimental Evidence:<\/strong> Field research results have strongly confirmed these mechanisms. A study comparing farming systems showed that organic rice paddies, with higher soil organic carbon content, had significantly higher yields than semi-organic and conventionally farmed paddies. Another study in China found that applying biochar (a stable form of organic carbon) at a rate of 20 tons\/ha increased rice yield by up to 13.7%. Similarly, long-term experiments have also shown that the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers significantly increases rice yield compared to using chemical fertilizers alone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2.2. Anti-Lodging Solution: The Dual Role of Organic Carbon and Silicon (Si)<\/h3>\nLodging is a major obstacle, causing severe yield losses, especially during the heading and ripening stages when there is heavy rain and strong wind. Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach, not just focusing on making the plant generally healthier but also directly influencing the mechanism that creates stem strength. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/11-up-BDGD.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/12-up-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"\">\n<ul> <li><strong>Causes and Mechanism of Lodging:<\/strong> Fundamentally, lodging occurs when the mechanical strength of the stem, especially the lower internodes, is insufficient to withstand the weight of the panicle and external forces. Stem strength is determined by two main factors: morphological characteristics (such as stem diameter, culm wall thickness) and the chemical composition of the cell wall. Among these, Lignin is a complex organic polymer that acts as &#8220;cement,&#8221; binding cellulose fibers together, creating rigidity and strength in the plant&#8217;s secondary cell wall. Therefore, enhancing lignin accumulation in the stem is key to improving lodging resistance.<\/li> <li><strong>The Role of Silicon (Si):<\/strong> Silicon is an extremely important nutrient for grasses like rice, accounting for up to 10% of the plant&#8217;s dry weight. After being absorbed by the roots, Silicon is transported and accumulates at high concentrations in the epidermal tissues of the stem and leaves. Here, it forms a strong Cellulose-Silica double layer on the cell wall surface. This layer not only makes the stem and leaves stiffer and more upright for better photosynthesis but also acts as a physical barrier against pest and disease penetration. Furthermore, Silicon has been shown to stimulate the activity of enzymes responsible for lignin synthesis, such as cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD).<\/li> <li><strong>The Synergy between Organic Carbon (OC) and Silicon:<\/strong> This is the breakthrough point in the anti-lodging strategy. Recent studies have discovered a strong synergistic link between the application of organic carbon and Silicon. A study on rapeseed and rice showed that the simultaneous application of both organic carbon and Silicon fertilizer significantly enhanced the activity of a range of lignin biosynthesis enzymes (including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate:CoA ligase, and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) and upregulated the genes encoding these enzymes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThis synergistic mechanism can be explained as follows: Organic carbon improves the overall health of the soil and root system, enabling the rice plant to absorb Silicon from the soil more effectively. At the same time, both factors (OC and Si) act on the lignin synthesis biochemical pathway, creating an amplifying effect. The result is that the rice stem accumulates more lignin, becomes stiffer and more resilient, thereby significantly enhancing its resistance to lodging. Thus, the most effective strategy against lodging is not to apply OC or Si individually, but a smart combination of both. This opens the way for developing specialized &#8220;OC + Si&#8221; fertilizer products for rice, especially for application at the panicle initiation stage, to optimize the plant&#8217;s mechanical strength before it enters the heavy grain-bearing phase.\n<h2>III. Scientific and Practical Basis: Evidence from Leading Research Institutes<\/h2>\nThe effectiveness of <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong> is not just theoretical but has been proven through rigorous scientific and experimental research, in collaboration with leading reputable units in Vietnam such as the Mekong Delta Rice Research Institute (CLRRI). In a recent Summer-Autumn crop season, a large-scale experiment was conducted by CLRRI in O Mon, Can Tho to &#8220;Evaluate the impact of NEMA2 on the growth, development, and yield of Rice&#8221; on the OM 5451 rice variety. The results provided convincing scientific evidence:\n<ul> <li><strong>Superior Root Development:<\/strong> Treating seeds with a NEMA2 solution resulted in a higher germination rate and significantly faster root development in both quantity and length. At the peak growth stage, the root system of rice plants treated with NEMA2 was nearly 20% healthier and longer than the control group.<\/li> <li><strong>Enhanced Plant Health:<\/strong> Rice plants treated with NEMA2 showed stronger vitality, consistently higher chlorophyll index (SPAD), and markedly lower rates of pest infestation and leaf blight.<\/li> <li><strong>Nearly 50% Reduction in Lodging:<\/strong> Thanks to deep, strong roots and sturdy stems, the lodging rate in the NEMA2 experimental plots was reduced by nearly 50% compared to the control plots. Notably, in low-density planting using advanced cultivation methods, the rice plants experienced almost no lodging.<\/li> <li><strong>15% Yield Increase and Reduced Fertilizer Use:<\/strong> This was the most impressive result. Even in the traditional farming model, using NEMA2 combined with a reduction in chemical fertilizer still produced a 15% higher yield than the control model (which used more fertilizer but no NEMA2). This proves that NEMA2 enhances the ability to metabolize and absorb nitrogen and other nutrients from the soil, providing a dual economic benefit: increasing output while reducing input costs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThese experimental results from CLRRI strongly affirm the role of <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong> as a fundamental solution that helps remediate soil and support comprehensive rice plant development, thereby enhancing productivity and economic efficiency, perfectly aligning with the goals of the 1 Million Hectares of High-Quality, Low-Emission Rice project. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Cai-tao-dat-Organic-Carbon.gif\" alt=\"Illustration comparing degraded, hardened soil (left) and organic-rich, porous soil (right) after remediation.\" title=\"\">\n<h2>IV. Alarm over Agricultural Land Degradation in Vietnam<\/h2>\nSoil health is the foundation of food security, yet in Vietnam, this precious resource is facing an alarming state of degradation. Unsustainable farming practices such as intensive cultivation, multiple cropping, and the long-term overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides have increasingly depleted the land. According to statistics from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, as of 2021, the country has about <strong>11.8 million hectares<\/strong> of degraded land, accounting for nearly 36% of the total natural area. More worryingly, up to 43% of this is agricultural production land, equivalent to over <strong>5 million hectares<\/strong>. This situation not only reduces crop yields but also threatens the sustainable development of the entire agricultural sector. <table><caption>Table 1: Status of Agricultural Land Degradation in Vietnam (2020)<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Degradation Level<\/th>\n<th>Area (ha)<\/th>\n<th>Description and Main Causes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Severe Degradation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>114,000<\/td>\n<td>Land has almost completely lost its production capacity, with extremely low fertility and destroyed soil structure. Mainly due to severe erosion and desertification.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Moderate Degradation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>1,655,000<\/td>\n<td>Crop yields have markedly decreased, soil is hardened, nutrient-poor, and the microbial ecosystem is imbalanced. Caused by overuse of chemical fertilizers and prolonged monoculture.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Slight Degradation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>3,308,000<\/td>\n<td>Initial signs of fertility decline, reduced organic matter content, requiring intervention for recovery.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Total<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>5,077,000<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Total agricultural land area affected by various levels of degradation, requiring remediation and sustainable management solutions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<em>Source: Compiled from reports by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and the General Department of Land Administration<\/em> Rice paddies, especially in high-intensity farming areas like the Red River Delta and Mekong Delta, are severely degraded due to the practice of multiple crops per year, burning straw in the field, and imbalanced fertilizer use, leading to hardened, organic-matter-depleted, and less porous soil. Restoring soil health by replenishing organic carbon is an urgent task to ensure stable and sustainable agricultural development.\n<h2>V. Remediation and Restoration of Degraded Rice Paddies<\/h2>\nIn Vietnam, especially in the Mekong Delta with about 2.5 million hectares of acid sulfate and saline soils, these are two of the biggest challenges for agricultural production. Cultivation on these soils often results in low and unstable yields due to toxic elements and physiological stress on crops. Organic carbon, particularly high-tech products like <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong>, emerges as a foundational solution capable of remediating and restoring these degraded soils through diverse physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms.\n<h3>5.1. Overcoming Acid Sulfate Soils<\/h3>\nAcid sulfate soils, also known as acid saline soils, form in coastal swampy areas containing pyrite-bearing materials, mainly the mineral pyrite (FeS_2). When these soil layers are exposed to air (due to drainage or plowing), pyrite oxidizes to form sulfuric acid (H_2SO_4), causing the soil pH to drop to very low levels, sometimes below 3.5. This extremely acidic environment releases metal ions like Aluminum (Al^{3+}) and Iron (Fe^{2+}) at high concentrations, which are directly toxic to rice roots, causing them to become deformed, unable to grow, and severely limiting nutrient uptake. The addition of organic carbon provides effective remediation for acid sulfate soils through several simultaneous mechanisms:\n<ul> <li><strong>Raising and Stabilizing pH:<\/strong> Many organic carbon sources, especially processed products like biochar from rice husks or <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong>, are often alkaline (pH > 8). When applied to the soil, they directly neutralize excess acidity, helping to raise the soil pH to a safer level for rice (pH 5.5 &#8211; 6.5). More importantly, organic matter acts as a chemical buffer, helping to maintain a stable pH and resist sudden drops when the soil dries out and re-oxidizes.<\/li> <li><strong>Chelating Toxic Ions:<\/strong> This is a crucial and unique mechanism of organic carbon that other remediation methods like liming do not offer. Complex organic acids like humic and fulvic acids in humus, as well as the activated nature of <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong>, can form chelate complexes with toxic metal ions Al^{3+} and Fe^{2+}. This process &#8220;locks up&#8221; the toxic ions into stable, insoluble, and non-toxic organo-metallic compounds, thereby neutralizing the main harmful agent in acid sulfate soils.<\/li> <li><strong>Promoting Controlled Reduction Processes:<\/strong> In the flooded conditions of a rice paddy, the decomposition of organic matter creates a reducing environment, which helps convert Fe^{3+} to Fe^{2+} and consumes protons (H^+), thereby increasing pH. However, if a large amount of fresh organic matter is incorporated, this process can be too intense, releasing a massive amount of Fe^{2+} and causing iron toxicity. Using stable forms of organic carbon (compost, biochar) or biological products like <strong>NEMA2<\/strong> helps regulate this process, raising the pH gradually without causing iron toxicity shock.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/3.2-web.webp\" alt=\"Making raised beds combined with applying lime and organic amendments is an effective solution for acid sulfate soils.\" title=\"\">\n<h3>5.2. Adapting to Saline Soils<\/h3>\nSaline soils contain high concentrations of soluble salts, mainly NaCl. The main negative impact of saline soil on rice is causing osmotic stress. The high salt concentration in the soil solution creates a lower water potential than inside the root cells, making it very difficult or impossible for the plant to absorb water, even when the soil is moist. This condition leads to &#8220;physiological drought,&#8221; stunting, poor growth, and severe yield reduction. Additionally, high concentrations of Na^+ ions also cause nutrient imbalances and toxicity to the plant. Organic carbon does not remove salt from the soil, but it creates an environment that helps the rice plant adapt and better tolerate saline conditions:\n<ul> <li><strong>Improving Structure and Leaching Capacity:<\/strong> By creating stable aggregates, organic carbon makes the soil more porous, enhancing its permeability and drainage. This is very important when applying irrigation measures, allowing fresh water to easily penetrate deep into the soil to leach excess salts out of the root zone.<\/li> <li><strong>Increasing Fresh Water Retention:<\/strong> The superior water-holding capacity of organic matter helps maintain moisture from rainwater or non-saline irrigation water in the root zone for longer periods. This retained fresh water dilutes the salt concentration in the soil solution, reducing osmotic pressure and making it easier for the plant to absorb water.<\/li> <li><strong>Supporting Ion Balance:<\/strong> Studies have shown that adding forms of organic carbon like biochar can help rice plants reduce the uptake of toxic Na^+ ions and enhance the uptake of K^+ ions, an essential cation for many physiological processes. This helps improve the ion balance inside the cells, a key mechanism for salt tolerance.<\/li> <li><strong>Restoring Microbial Activity:<\/strong> High salt concentrations often strongly inhibit the activity of the soil microbial community. Amending saline soil by adding organic carbon provides an energy source and improves the habitat, helping to restore microbial diversity and activity, thereby restarting nutrient cycles in the soil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table><caption>Table 2: Comparison of the Remediation Efficiency of Organic Carbon on Acid Sulfate and Saline Soils<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Characteristic<\/th>\n<th>Acid Sulfate Soil<\/th>\n<th>Saline Soil<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Main Problem<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Very low pH (&lt;4.0), high toxicity of Al^{3+}, Fe^{2+}.<\/td>\n<td>High soluble salt concentration, causing osmotic stress, Na^+ toxicity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Main Mechanism of OC Action<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>1. <strong>Raises and buffers pH:<\/strong> Neutralizes acid, stabilizes pH.\n2. <strong>Chelates toxins:<\/strong> &#8220;Locks up&#8221; Al^{3+}, Fe^{2+} ions into harmless forms.\n3. <strong>Regulates reduction process:<\/strong> Avoids massive release of Fe^{2+}.<\/td>\n<td>1. <strong>Improves structure:<\/strong> Increases porosity, helps with more effective leaching.\n2. <strong>Increases fresh water retention:<\/strong> Reduces osmotic pressure, helps plants absorb water.\n3. <strong>Balances ions:<\/strong> Supports reduced Na^+ uptake and increased K^+ uptake.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Effective Combined Measures<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Applying lime for rapid pH increase, combined with &#8220;acid flushing&#8221; irrigation.<\/td>\n<td>&#8220;Salt flushing&#8221; irrigation is mandatory, combined with selecting salt-tolerant rice varieties.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Expected Outcome<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Reduced toxicity, root development, better nutrient uptake, restored cultivation potential.<\/td>\n<td>Reduced plant stress, better growth under saline conditions, increased survival and yield.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>VI. Synergistic Interactions: Optimizing Fertilizer Use Efficiency<\/h2>\nOne of the greatest values of incorporating organic carbon into rice cultivation is its ability to interact with and amplify the effectiveness of other types of fertilizers, from chemical fertilizers and traditional organic manures to microbial fertilizers. Organic carbon should not be seen as a replacement, but as a foundation, a catalyst that optimizes the entire nutrient system for the crop.\n<h3>6.1. With Chemical Fertilizers (NPK)<\/h3>\nThe long-term overuse of chemical fertilizers has led to many consequences such as soil degradation, environmental pollution, and reduced economic efficiency due to fertilizer loss. Organic carbon plays a key role in addressing these issues.\n<ul> <li><strong>Increased Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE):<\/strong> Nitrogen is the most mobile and easily lost nutrient. When nitrogen fertilizer is applied (especially in the form of Ammonium, NH_4^+), the negative charges on the surface of organic matter hold onto the NH_4^+ ions, preventing them from being leached into deeper soil layers or being converted and volatilized. Furthermore, organic carbon provides the necessary energy for microorganisms to carry out the nitrogen cycle in the soil. Long-term studies have shown that the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers can increase nitrogen use efficiency by 10.43% to 22.61% compared to using chemical fertilizers alone. This means farmers can reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied while still achieving equivalent or higher yields, saving costs and reducing environmental pollution.<\/li> <li><strong>Increased Phosphorus Use Efficiency (PUE):<\/strong> Phosphorus is a less mobile element and is very easily fixed in the soil. In acid soils (low pH), phosphorus readily reacts with Al^{3+} and Fe^{3+} ions to form insoluble aluminum-phosphate and iron-phosphate compounds. In calcareous soils (high pH), phosphorus is fixed as calcium-phosphate. In both cases, phosphorus becomes unavailable to plants. The decomposition of organic carbon produces organic acids (such as citric, oxalic, humic acids), which can &#8220;chelate&#8221; metal ions, breaking the phosphate-metal bonds and releasing phosphorus back into a soluble form that plants can absorb. At the same time, organic carbon is an energy source for phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms, which help convert unavailable phosphorus into available forms.<\/li> <li><strong>Sustainable Combination Strategy:<\/strong> Many studies have confirmed that a balanced fertilization model, combining organic and inorganic sources, is the optimal solution for sustainable agriculture. Chemical fertilizers provide rapid, high-concentration nutrients when the plant needs them, while organic fertilizers sustainably improve soil health, retain nutrients from chemical fertilizers, and release them slowly to the plant. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mai Thanh Phung has pointed out that soil remediation and organic fertilization can determine up to 70% of cultivation effectiveness, leaving only 30% of the role for chemical fertilizers to complete the process and optimize yield.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>6.2. With Traditional Organic Fertilizers (Manure, Straw)<\/h3>\nManure and straw are valuable organic resources, but if not properly managed, they can cause problems like organic toxicity or nutrient competition. Organic carbon, especially in the form of products like <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong>, acts as a crucial catalyst.\n<ul> <li><strong>Catalyzing Decomposition:<\/strong> Concentrated organic carbon products, especially those supplemented with microorganisms, act as a &#8220;probiotic&#8221; or &#8220;activator.&#8221; They provide a large number of beneficial microorganisms and an initial source of easily digestible energy, helping to kick-start and accelerate the decomposition of raw and complex organic materials like cellulose and lignin in straw or manure. This shortens the composting time and minimizes the risk of organic toxicity for the next rice crop.\n<blockquote>\n<h4>In-depth Analysis of the Cellulose Decomposition Mechanism of Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/h4>\nTo better understand the catalytic role of <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong> in decomposing rice straw, we need to delve into the unique physicochemical properties of this material:\n<ul> <li><strong>High Reducing Potential (ORP \u2013200 mV) \u2192 Stabilizes Cellulase Enzyme:<\/strong> An environment with a negative ORP creates reducing conditions for decomposition enzymes like cellulase, helping them to last longer and be more stable in the soil environment. At the same time, cellulose-decomposing microorganisms like <em>Trichoderma spp.<\/em> or <em>Bacillus spp.<\/em> often thrive in slightly reducing soil zones. Therefore, the \u2013200 mV ORP level of NEMA2 helps create a favorable microbial reaction zone for the cellulose decomposition process.<\/li> <li><strong>Dense Structure \u2013 Yet High Surface Activity:<\/strong> Although it does not have a porous structure like biochar, the dense fine carbon of NEMA2 possesses a good adsorption surface thanks to free, not-fully-graphitized single carbon atoms. This surface can adsorb cellulase enzymes or microorganisms at the point of contact, creating &#8220;enzyme docking sites.&#8221; This mechanism helps the enzyme to work in a concentrated manner, right next to the cellulose substrate, thereby increasing the efficiency of the decomposition reaction.<\/li> <li><strong>Non-Conductive \u2013 Does Not Disrupt Cellular Ion Balance:<\/strong> Being non-conductive is a crucial micro-factor often overlooked but has a significant impact on the soil microbial system. This property ensures that no abnormal ion flows occur that could cause stress to microbial cells, helping to stabilize the cell membrane and their natural enzyme secretion process. This contributes to maintaining the vitality and productivity of the soil microbial system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4>Summary of the Material&#8217;s Role in Cellulose Decomposition<\/h4>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Factor<\/th>\n<th>Role in Cellulose Decomposition<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>ORP \u2013200 mV<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Stabilizes enzymes, supports facultative anaerobic microbes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dense Structure<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Retains enzymes on the surface, limits activity loss<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Unsaturated Carbon<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Creates reaction sites, supports enzyme catalysis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Organic Functional Groups<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Biological interaction, stimulates enzymes &#038; roots<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<strong>Conclusion on Decomposition Ability:<\/strong> Organic Carbon NEMA2, with its dense structure, negative ORP, and non-conductive nature, is an organic material capable of:\n<ul> <li>Stabilizing and increasing the operational efficiency of the cellulase enzyme system.<\/li> <li>Stimulating the growth of fiber-decomposing microorganisms in the activated microbial soil zone.<\/li> <li>Creating an environment rich in active carbon without causing bio-electrochemical disturbances.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nTherefore, this material is particularly suitable for application in composting rice straw, remediating soil with high plant residue content, and mixing with cellulose-decomposing microbial fertilizers to accelerate organic mineralization. <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Gemini_Generated_Image_j4sps3j4sps3j4sp.jpg\" alt=\"Low-emission rice cultivation significantly reduces methane gas.\" title=\"\"><\/li> <li><strong>Balancing the C\/N Ratio:<\/strong> Rice straw has a very high Carbon\/Nitrogen (C\/N) ratio (often > 80:1). When incorporated into the soil, microorganisms need a large amount of nitrogen to decompose this huge amount of carbon. They will take nitrogen from the soil, causing a temporary nitrogen deficiency (also known as biological nitrogen fixation), which makes young rice plants turn yellow and grow slowly. Supplementing with organic carbon products (which often have a lower C\/N ratio or are mixed with nitrogen) helps to balance the C\/N ratio of the soil environment, providing enough nitrogen for both microorganisms and the crop, thus allowing straw decomposition to proceed smoothly without negatively affecting the rice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>6.3. With Microbial Fertilizers<\/h3>\nMicrobial fertilizers contain living strains of microorganisms with specialized functions such as fixing nitrogen from the air (*Azospirillum*, *Nitragin*), solubilizing unavailable phosphorus (*Bacillus*, *Aspergillus*), or antagonizing pathogenic fungi (*Trichoderma*). However, the effectiveness of these products largely depends on the soil environment.\n<ul> <li><strong>Providing Food and Energy Source:<\/strong> Microorganisms, like all other living things, need carbon as an energy source to survive, multiply, and perform their biochemical functions. Applying microbial fertilizer to a depleted soil lacking organic carbon is like &#8220;releasing fish into a desert.&#8221; The microorganisms will not have enough energy to grow and function, leading to very low or no effectiveness of the microbial fertilizer. Organic carbon is the essential &#8220;food&#8221; to sustain and activate these beneficial microorganisms.<\/li> <li><strong>Creating an Ideal Habitat:<\/strong> Organic carbon not only provides food but also creates a perfect &#8220;home&#8221; for microorganisms. It improves soil structure, increases porosity, aeration, and moisture retention, creating favorable microenvironments for beneficial microbial communities to thrive. A diverse and active microbial community will compete with and suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, helping the crop to be healthier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nIn summary, organic carbon acts as a central &#8220;operating platform,&#8221; connecting and optimizing the efficiency of all other types of fertilizers. It transforms fertilization from a simple act of providing nutrients into a comprehensive process of managing the entire soil ecosystem. Instead of different fertilizers working in isolation and ineffectively in a degraded soil environment, organic carbon creates a healthy foundation for them to interact synergistically, helping to retain nutrients from chemical fertilizers, accelerate the decomposition of raw organic matter, and nurture the life of microbial fertilizers. This is the core of an advanced and sustainable Integrated Nutrient Management strategy.\n<h2>VII. Low-Emission Rice Cultivation: Towards Low-Carbon Agriculture<\/h2>\nWet rice cultivation, despite being a pillar of food security, is a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in agriculture, mainly Methane (CH_4) and Nitrous Oxide (N_2O). Transitioning to low-emission cultivation methods is not only an environmental responsibility but also opens up new economic opportunities from the carbon credit market. Organic carbon, when managed intelligently, plays a central role in this effort.\n<h3>7.1. Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in Flooded Rice Paddies<\/h3>\nTo reduce emissions, one must first understand their origin. Both CH_4 and N_2O are products of biochemical processes carried out by microorganisms in the soil.\n<ul> <li><strong>Methane (CH_4) Emissions:<\/strong> This is the largest source of emissions from rice paddies. Under anaerobic (continuously flooded) conditions, organic matter in the soil (such as straw, plant debris, dead rice roots) is decomposed by various groups of microorganisms in a complex chain. The final product of this anaerobic decomposition chain is methane gas (CH_4). The CH_4 gas is then released into the atmosphere mainly through the aerenchyma tissues in the rice stem and roots, or through bubbles rising from the mud surface. The amount of CH_4 emitted is directly and positively correlated with the amount of easily decomposable organic matter incorporated into the soil. Methane is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential about 28 times stronger than CO_2 over a 100-year cycle.<\/li> <li><strong>Nitrous Oxide (N_2O) Emissions:<\/strong> N_2O gas (also known as laughing gas) has a global warming potential nearly 300 times stronger than CO_2. It is mainly produced from two microbial processes related to the nitrogen cycle: nitrification (converting NH_4^+ to NO_3^-) and denitrification (converting NO_3^- to N_2 gas, with N_2O as an intermediate product). These processes often occur vigorously in transitional conditions between aerobic and anaerobic, for example, when the field is alternately wet and dry, or when farmers apply excess nitrogen fertilizer compared to the plant&#8217;s needs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>7.2. Mechanism for Reducing Methane (CH_4) Emissions from Straw Management<\/h3>\nPost-harvest straw is a huge organic resource, but it is also the main &#8220;fuel&#8221; for methane production. Therefore, straw management is key to reducing emissions.\n<ul> <li><strong>The Problem with Incorporating Fresh Straw:<\/strong> Plowing fresh straw directly into flooded soil provides a large amount of easily decomposable organic carbon. This creates a &#8220;feast&#8221; for fermenting microorganisms and subsequently for methanogenic bacteria (methanogens), leading to a burst of CH_4 emissions in the first few weeks of the rice season. This is the &#8220;carbon paradox&#8221;: returning carbon to the soil in this way has a negative impact on the climate.<\/li> <li><strong>The Solution from the Combination of NEMA2 and Biochar:<\/strong> The core strategy is to change the &#8220;form&#8221; of carbon and steer the decomposition process before it becomes food for methanogenic bacteria. The combination of <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong> and <strong>Biochar<\/strong> creates a powerful synergistic system, thoroughly addressing the drawbacks of each material when used alone.\n<h4>Analysis of Roles and Synergistic Mechanism:<\/h4>\n<ul> <li><strong>Role of Biochar &#8211; &#8220;The Sustainable Home&#8221;:<\/strong> Biochar, with its porous structure, acts as an ideal &#8220;home,&#8221; providing a safe haven for the soil microbial community. It helps retain moisture and adsorb nutrients. However, Biochar itself is an inert form of carbon, slow-acting, and does not provide immediate energy for microorganisms. Using it alone in large quantities (several tons\/ha) is also a cost challenge for short-day crops like rice.<\/li> <li><strong>Role of NEMA2 &#8211; &#8220;Energy Source and Biochemical Catalyst&#8221;:<\/strong> NEMA2 addresses the shortcomings of Biochar by acting as an abundant energy source and a powerful catalyst. The unique properties of NEMA2 directly promote decomposition:\n<ul> <li><strong>High Reducing Potential (ORP \u2013200 mV):<\/strong> Creates a microenvironment that helps stabilize and extend the lifespan of the cellulase enzyme, key to breaking down cellulose in straw.<\/li> <li><strong>Direct Food Source:<\/strong> The fine carbon in NEMA2 is a readily available &#8220;meal,&#8221; helping the population of cellulose-decomposing microorganisms (like <em>Trichoderma, Bacillus<\/em>) to flourish rapidly.<\/li> <li><strong>Surface Activity and Dense Structure:<\/strong> The surface of NEMA2 can adsorb and hold enzymes at the point of contact with straw, acting as an &#8220;enzyme docking site,&#8221; increasing decomposition efficiency.<\/li> <li><strong>Non-Conductive:<\/strong> Protects microorganisms from electrochemical stress, helping them maintain stable enzyme secretion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Conclusion on Synergy:<\/h4>\nWhen combined, NEMA2 and Biochar create a positive feedback loop: NEMA2 provides the energy to &#8220;activate&#8221; and nurture a massive army of microorganisms. This army then resides and develops sustainably in the Biochar &#8220;home,&#8221; creating a fixed and highly efficient &#8220;microbial factory.&#8221; This combination completely overcomes the drawback of Biochar (slow action) and amplifies the power of NEMA2. As a result, straw is decomposed quickly and efficiently into stable carbon forms (humus), both enriching the soil and preventing the formation of methane gas.<\/li> <li><strong>Using Microbial Products for Straw Treatment Combined with NEMA2:<\/strong> This is a solution that offers a dual benefit. Microbial products containing potent cellulose-decomposing strains (like the fungus *Trichoderma sp.*) help to quickly break down straw into nutrient-rich organic fertilizer. When these products are combined with <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong>, the efficiency is significantly enhanced. <strong>NEMA2<\/strong> not only provides an abundant energy source but also creates an ideal habitat, helping the beneficial microorganisms in the product to thrive and perform their decomposition function more effectively. This synergy helps the straw conversion process to occur quickly and thoroughly, both providing humus for the soil and minimizing the substrate for methane production in the next season.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table><caption>Table 3: Comparison of the Effectiveness of Straw Management Methods on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Soil Health<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Method<\/th>\n<th>CH_4 Emissions<\/th>\n<th>N_2O &#038; other gas emissions<\/th>\n<th>Soil Benefits<\/th>\n<th>Cost &#038; Labor<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Field Burning<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Low (not incorporated)<\/td>\n<td>Very high (CO_2, CO, PM_{2.5} fine dust)<\/td>\n<td>Negative (loses all OC and nutrients, hardens soil)<\/td>\n<td>Low<\/td>\n<td>Banned in many places, causes severe air pollution, wastes resources.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fresh Incorporation (untreated)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Very high<\/td>\n<td>Low (under continuous flooding)<\/td>\n<td>Moderate (increases OC but risks organic toxicity, temporary nitrogen deficiency)<\/td>\n<td>Low<\/td>\n<td>The main cause of CH_4 emissions from rice cultivation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fresh Incorporation with OC\/Microbial Treatment (NEMA2)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Medium to Low<\/td>\n<td>Low (requires proper N management)<\/td>\n<td>Good (increases OC, improves nutrients, limits toxicity)<\/td>\n<td>Medium (cost of product)<\/td>\n<td>A balanced, effective solution, easy to apply on a large scale.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Processing into Biochar then applying<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Very low<\/td>\n<td>Can be reduced<\/td>\n<td>Very good (strongly increases stable OC, comprehensively improves soil physical-chemical-biological properties)<\/td>\n<td>High (cost of pyrolysis kiln, transportation)<\/td>\n<td>Highest potential for emission reduction and carbon credit generation, provides long-term benefits.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\nFrom the analysis table above, it is clear that treating straw with organic\/microbial products like **NEMA2** or converting it into biochar are the most superior strategies. They not only solve the problem of greenhouse gas emissions but also turn straw from a waste product into a valuable resource for soil remediation and yield enhancement, realizing the circular economy model in agriculture.\n<h2>VIII. Technical Guidance and Economic Efficiency Analysis for Vietnamese Farmers<\/h2>\nTranslating scientific theory into practical application requires a clear, easy-to-follow process that demonstrates economic efficiency. This section will provide detailed guidance on how to apply the **Organic Carbon NEMA2** product in rice cultivation in Vietnam, while also analyzing the economic benefits and potential from the carbon credit market.\n<h3>8.1. Practical Application Process: Once Per Crop<\/h3>\nTo optimize efficiency and align with farming practices, the application of **Organic Carbon NEMA2** is recommended once per rice crop, focusing on the land preparation stage.\n<ul> <li><strong>The Golden Time:<\/strong> The most ideal time to apply is **during land preparation, after plowing and harrowing, leveling the field, and right before the final harrowing or before letting water in for sowing\/transplanting**. Applying at this time ensures the product is evenly mixed into the topsoil, creating a favorable foundational environment for seeds or seedlings to develop from the start.<\/li> <li><strong>Flexible Application Methods:<\/strong> Depending on the product form and the farmer&#8217;s equipment, one of the following methods can be chosen:\n<ol> <li><strong>Direct Spraying on the Field Surface:<\/strong>\n<ul> <li><strong>How to:<\/strong> Mix **Organic Carbon NEMA2** with water according to the manufacturer&#8217;s recommended dosage (reference dosage from 1-1.5 kg\/ha). Use a manual sprayer, a machine sprayer, or an agricultural drone to evenly spray the solution over the entire leveled field surface.<\/li> <li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> Very even distribution, can be combined with pre-emergence herbicides to save labor and time. Agricultural drones allow for quick and precise treatment of large areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li> <li><strong>Mixing with Basal Fertilizer:<\/strong>\n<ul> <li><strong>How to:<\/strong> For powdered **Organic Carbon NEMA2**, mix the product thoroughly with other basal fertilizers like NPK, phosphorus, or lime. Then, use a fertilizer spreader or broadcast the mixture manually onto the field before the final harrowing.<\/li> <li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> Integrates into a single fertilization step, requiring no extra labor. Ensures organic carbon and mineral nutrients are distributed together in the soil.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li> <li><strong>Dissolving in Irrigation Water:<\/strong>\n<ul> <li><strong>How to:<\/strong> Dissolve **Organic Carbon NEMA2** in the irrigation water source and let it flow into the field through the canal system.<\/li> <li><strong>Advantages:<\/strong> Simple, requires no special spraying equipment. Suitable for places with active irrigation systems and level fields.<\/li> <li><strong>Note:<\/strong> Ensure the flow can distribute the product evenly across the entire area, avoiding accumulation at the source and deficiency at the end.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/up-21.jpg\" alt=\"Image of a farmer using a drone to apply fertilizer, a testament to technological advancement in agriculture.\" title=\"\">\n<table><caption>Table 4: Guide to Applying Organic Carbon NEMA2 at the Beginning of the Crop<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Method<\/th>\n<th>Product Form<\/th>\n<th>Reference Dosage<\/th>\n<th>Application Time<\/th>\n<th>Equipment<\/th>\n<th>Advantages<\/th>\n<th>Disadvantages<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Spraying<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Powder (dissolved)<\/td>\n<td>1 &#8211; 1.5 kg\/ha<\/td>\n<td>After leveling the field, before flooding.<\/td>\n<td>Sprayer, agricultural drone.<\/td>\n<td>Very even distribution, fast, can be combined with pesticides.<\/td>\n<td>Requires spraying equipment.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Fertilizer Mix<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Powder<\/td>\n<td>1 &#8211; 1.5 kg\/ha<\/td>\n<td>Mix with basal fertilizer, apply before final harrowing.<\/td>\n<td>Fertilizer spreader, manual.<\/td>\n<td>Saves labor, integrates into existing fertilization process.<\/td>\n<td>Requires thorough mixing for uniform distribution.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Irrigation<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Powder (dissolved)<\/td>\n<td>1 &#8211; 1.5 kg\/ha<\/td>\n<td>Dissolve in the first irrigation water when flooding the field.<\/td>\n<td>Irrigation system, pump.<\/td>\n<td>Simple, no special equipment needed.<\/td>\n<td>Difficult to control uniformity over large areas if the field is not level.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>8.2. Cost-Benefit Analysis and Carbon Credit Potential<\/h3>\nApplying organic carbon and low-emission farming methods is not just an environmental investment but also a smart economic decision, offering dual benefits to farmers.\n<ul> <li><strong>Direct Economic Efficiency:<\/strong>\n<ul> <li><strong>Reduced Input Costs:<\/strong> Using organic carbon increases the efficiency of chemical fertilizer use, allowing farmers to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus application by 10-30% without affecting yield. Healthier, stronger rice plants also help reduce the cost of pesticides for pest, disease, and lodging control.<\/li> <li><strong>Increased Yield and Quality:<\/strong> As analyzed, healthy soil and healthy plants lead to higher and more stable yields over the years. Rice produced organically or with reduced emissions often has better quality, with more fragrant and delicious grains, meeting the demands of discerning markets.<\/li> <li><strong>Increased Net Profit:<\/strong> The combination of reduced costs and increased revenue (due to higher yield and selling price) leads to a significant increase in net profit. A comparative study in Thanh Phu district, Ben Tre province, showed that an organic rice model yielded an average profit of 15.3 million VND\/ha\/year, 25.6% higher (equivalent to 3.1 million VND\/ha\/year) than the traditional rice model. Smart farming models in Hau Giang also recorded net profit increases from 1.3 to 6.2 million VND\/ha.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li> <li><strong>Potential from Carbon Credits:<\/strong>\n<ul> <li><strong>Concept:<\/strong> A carbon credit is a tradable certificate representing the reduction of one ton of CO_2 or an equivalent amount of other greenhouse gases (CO_2e) from the atmosphere. Businesses or countries with emissions exceeding their quotas can buy these credits to offset them.<\/li> <li><strong>Opportunity for Vietnam&#8217;s Rice Industry:<\/strong> Low-emission rice cultivation (through measures like Alternate Wetting and Drying &#8211; AWD, straw management with biochar, use of smart fertilizers) has the potential to generate a large number of carbon credits. This is a completely new source of income, helping farmers &#8220;sell clean air.&#8221;<\/li> <li><strong>Pioneering Projects:<\/strong> Vietnam is actively implementing these projects. The government&#8217;s &#8220;Sustainable Development of 1 Million Hectares of High-Quality, Low-Emission Rice&#8221; project is a clear testament, aiming to have 1 million hectares of low-emission rice by 2030, generating about 2.5 trillion VND annually from selling carbon credits. Specific projects like the AWD rice cultivation project in An Giang have been registered under the international Verra standard, expected to reduce over 590,000 tons of CO_2e annually. Models in Hau Giang and Can Tho also show the potential to reduce 3.5-4 tons of CO_2e\/ha\/crop.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThe combination of direct economic benefits and income from carbon credits creates a strong incentive for farmers to switch to sustainable farming practices. This is not only a way to protect the environment but also a smart strategy to increase income and value for Vietnamese rice on the international stage. More information can be found on economic news sites like <a href=\"https:\/\/vneconomy.vn\/tiem-nang-giam-phat-thai-tao-tin-chi-carbon-tu-ung-dung-cong-nghe-tuoi-awd-trong-canh-tac-lua.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">VnEconomy<\/a>.\n<h2>IX. The Gateway to Exports: Elevating Vietnamese Rice in the International Market<\/h2>\nIn the context of global economic integration, enhancing the quality and value of rice to meet the demands of discerning export markets is a strategic goal for Vietnam&#8217;s rice industry. Cultivating rice organically and with reduced emissions is not only an inevitable trend but also the &#8220;golden key&#8221; to unlocking new opportunities.\n<h3>9.1. Vietnam&#8217;s Rice Export Situation<\/h3>\nIn 2024, Vietnam&#8217;s rice export industry achieved breakthrough success, setting a new record with an output of approximately 9 million tons for the first time, earning nearly 5.8 billion USD. Compared to 2023, the volume increased by 10.6% and the value by 23%, helping Vietnam maintain its position among the top 3 largest rice exporting countries in the world. The average export price of rice also increased by 16.7%, bringing good profits to farmers. However, entering 2025, the market has seen new fluctuations. In the first 5 months of the year, Vietnam exported 4.5 million tons of rice, earning 2.34 billion USD, an increase of 12.2% in volume compared to the same period in 2024. Despite this, the average export price of rice has trended downwards, estimated at 516.4 USD\/ton, a decrease of 18.7% compared to the same period last year. The decline in price indicates increasingly fierce competition and the need to shift towards high-quality and organic rice segments to maintain and enhance export value.\n<h3>9.2. The Advantage of Organic Carbon NEMA2 for Organic Rice Exports<\/h3>\nTo penetrate and establish a foothold in demanding markets like Europe, the US, and Japan, Vietnamese rice must meet extremely strict organic standards. Organic farming requires a closed-loop process, without the use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides, ensuring absolute safety for consumers and protecting the environment. This is where <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong> demonstrates its superior advantage:\n<ul> <li><strong>Foundation for Organic Farming:<\/strong> <strong>NEMA2<\/strong> is a 100% natural product, free of chemicals, making it an ideal input for organic agriculture. Using <strong>NEMA2<\/strong> from the land preparation stage helps to naturally remediate the soil, remove residual chemicals, and create a clean environment for rice to grow, meeting the most basic requirement of organic production.<\/li> <li><strong>Enhancing Soil and Plant Health:<\/strong> By comprehensively improving the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, <strong>NEMA2<\/strong> helps rice plants to be healthier and increases their natural resistance to pests and diseases. This helps farmers minimize or completely eliminate their dependence on chemical pesticides, one of the biggest barriers when converting to organic farming.<\/li> <li><strong>Improving Product Quality and Value:<\/strong> Cultivating on healthy soil with <strong>NEMA2<\/strong> produces high-quality, fragrant, safe rice that meets the tastes and standards of premium markets. In fact, Vietnamese organic rice can be exported to Europe at prices up to 1,800 USD\/ton, much higher than conventional rice, bringing outstanding profits to farmers and businesses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>9.3. Meeting OMJ Standards (Japanese Agricultural Standards): Conquering the Japanese Market<\/h3>\nJapan is one of the most demanding and high-value rice consuming markets in the world. To export rice to this market, the product must comply with the Japanese Agricultural Standards (JAS), one of the most prestigious and stringent organic certifications in the world, issued by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (MAFF). The JAS standard requires that the production process must prohibit the use of agricultural chemicals and chemical fertilizers for at least 2-3 years before planting. This is a major challenge for many Vietnamese farmers who are accustomed to intensive farming practices. A special and decisive competitive advantage of <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong> is that this product <strong>has been granted the Japanese Organic Certification (OMJ)<\/strong>. This is incredibly significant:\n<ul> <li><strong>Absolute Compatibility:<\/strong> Using an input material that has been certified as organic by Japan itself, like <strong>NEMA2<\/strong>, ensures 100% compliance with the regulations of the JAS standard.<\/li> <li><strong>Shortening the Certification Path:<\/strong> For businesses and cooperatives wishing to export rice to Japan, using <strong>NEMA2<\/strong> in the cultivation process will be solid evidence, making the process of obtaining JAS certification for the final rice product smoother and faster.<\/li> <li><strong>Building Trust:<\/strong> The OMJ certification of <strong>NEMA2<\/strong> is a &#8220;golden guarantee&#8221; of quality and safety, helping to build absolute trust with Japanese importers and consumers, opening the door for Vietnamese rice to conquer this potential-filled market.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>X. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"faq-question\">Question 1: What is Organic Carbon NEMA2 and how is it different from regular fertilizers?<\/p>\nNEMA2 is not a conventional NPK fertilizer but a high-tech organic carbon compound that acts as a soil conditioner and restorer. Instead of just providing direct nutrients, NEMA2 focuses on comprehensively improving the soil environment (physical, chemical, biological properties), making the soil more porous, and better at retaining water and nutrients, while stimulating the growth of beneficial microorganisms. This helps the rice plant absorb fertilizers more efficiently, leading to healthier and more sustainable growth.\n<p class=\"faq-question\">Question 2: How should I use NEMA2 for my rice paddy? What is the dosage and timing?<\/p>\nFor best results, you only need to use NEMA2 <strong>once per crop season<\/strong> during the land preparation stage. The recommended dosage is <strong>1 &#8211; 1.5 kg\/ha<\/strong>. You can apply it in one of three flexible ways: (1) Mix with water and spray evenly on the field, (2) Dry mix with basal fertilizer (NPK, phosphorus, lime) and broadcast, or (3) Dissolve in the first irrigation water and let it flow into the field.\n<p class=\"faq-question\">Question 3: What are the main benefits of using NEMA2 for rice plants?<\/p>\nThe main benefits, proven through experiments by the CLRRI, include: <strong>about a 15% increase in yield<\/strong>, <strong>nearly a 50% reduction in lodging<\/strong>, a nearly 20% stronger root development, making the plant sturdier and healthier. Additionally, NEMA2 helps remediate acid sulfate and saline soils and increases the efficiency of chemical fertilizer use.\n<p class=\"faq-question\">Question 4: Is using NEMA2 expensive? What is the economic efficiency?<\/p>\nAlthough there is an initial investment cost, NEMA2 offers a dual economic benefit. First, it helps you <strong>reduce chemical fertilizer use by 10-30%<\/strong> while maintaining yield, saving on input costs. Second, the increase in yield and rice quality boosts revenue. In total, net profit can increase by 1.3 to 6.2 million VND\/ha. Furthermore, low-emission farming opens up future income opportunities from selling carbon credits.\n<p class=\"faq-question\">Question 5: Is NEMA2 effective on acid sulfate and saline soils?<\/p>\n<strong>Yes, very effective.<\/strong> For acid sulfate soils, NEMA2 helps to raise and stabilize pH, while also &#8220;locking up&#8221; toxic metal ions like aluminum and iron. For saline soils, it helps improve soil structure for better leaching, increases fresh water retention, and helps the rice plant better tolerate salt stress.\n<p class=\"faq-question\">Question 6: Does NEMA2 help with managing post-harvest straw?<\/p>\n<strong>Yes.<\/strong> NEMA2 acts as a powerful biological catalyst, providing energy and creating a favorable environment for microorganisms to decompose the cellulose in straw. This accelerates the process of breaking down straw into organic humus, turning it into nutrients for the soil instead of causing organic toxicity or emitting methane gas.\n<p class=\"faq-question\">Question 7: I want to cultivate organic rice for export, is NEMA2 suitable?<\/p>\n<strong>Absolutely suitable and a major advantage.<\/strong> NEMA2 is a 100% natural, chemical-free product. Notably, this product has been awarded the <strong>Japanese Organic Certification (OMJ)<\/strong>, one of the strictest standards in the world. Using NEMA2 not only meets the requirements of organic farming but also serves as a &#8220;golden guarantee&#8221; to help your rice product easily penetrate demanding markets like Japan, Europe, and the USA.\n<h2>XI. Conclusion and Strategic Recommendations<\/h2>\nThis report has provided a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the role of organic carbon as a foundational, multi-impact solution for the wet rice cultivation industry in Vietnam. From improving the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil to optimizing yield, enhancing crop resilience, restoring degraded lands, and mitigating environmental impact, organic carbon has proven to be an indispensable element in the sustainable agriculture of the 21st century.\n<h3>11.1. Summary of Multifaceted Benefits<\/h3>\nThe analysis has shown that supplementing organic carbon, specifically through the product <strong>Organic Carbon NEMA2<\/strong>, into rice paddies is not a single intervention but an investment strategy that yields synergistic benefits across multiple fronts:\n<ol> <li><strong>Foundation for Sustainable Yield:<\/strong> Organic carbon improves soil structure, increases water and nutrient retention, and stimulates root development. These are the foundational elements that create an optimal environment for healthy rice growth, leading to high and stable yields.<\/li> <li><strong>Enhanced Crop Resilience:<\/strong> Through its synergistic mechanism with Silicon, organic carbon helps to increase lignin accumulation in the stem, making the rice plant sturdier and significantly reducing the risk of lodging, thereby preserving yield at the end of the season.<\/li> <li><strong>Solution for Degraded Land Restoration:<\/strong> For major agricultural challenges in Vietnam like acid sulfate and saline soils, organic carbon provides effective remediation mechanisms: chelating toxic ions (Al^{3+}, Fe^{2+}) in acid sulfate soils and reducing osmotic stress and improving ion balance for plants in saline soils.<\/li> <li><strong>Optimization of Fertilizer Efficiency:<\/strong> Organic carbon acts as a &#8220;platform&#8221; that increases the use efficiency of all other types of fertilizers. It retains nutrients from chemical fertilizers (increasing NUE, PUE), catalyzes the decomposition of raw organic matter, and provides energy for microbial fertilizers to function. This helps reduce input costs and limit environmental pollution.<\/li> <li><strong>Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction:<\/strong> Through smart management (using stable forms of carbon like biochar, compost, or microbial products like **NEMA2**), organic carbon helps to alter the decomposition pathway of straw, significantly reducing methane (CH_4) emissions, contributing to national and global emission reduction goals.<\/li> <li><strong>Dual Economic Efficiency:<\/strong> Applying organic carbon not only brings direct economic benefits through cost reduction and yield increase but also opens up a new and potential income stream from the carbon credit market.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>11.2. Strategic Recommendations<\/h3>\n<h4>For Farmers and Cooperatives:<\/h4>\n<ul> <li><strong>Shift in Cultivation Mindset:<\/strong> A shift in perception is needed from &#8220;fertilizing the plant&#8221; to &#8220;nurturing soil health.&#8221; View the addition of organic carbon as a foundational, mandatory investment for each crop season to build sustainable soil fertility.<\/li> <li><strong>Adoption of Technical Processes:<\/strong> Adhere to the technical process of applying organic carbon once at the beginning of the season during land preparation, choosing the method (spraying, mixing, irrigation) that suits the actual conditions.<\/li> <li><strong>Proactive Participation in New Models:<\/strong> Actively participate in low-emission rice cultivation projects and models implemented by local authorities or businesses to receive support in techniques, materials, and to have the opportunity to access the carbon credit market.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>For Agricultural Enterprises:<\/h4>\n<ul> <li><strong>Research and Product Development:<\/strong> Invest in R&#038;D to develop high-quality organic carbon products like **Organic Carbon NEMA2**, with clear origins and proven effectiveness through experimentation.<\/li> <li><strong>Creation of Specialized Solutions:<\/strong> Develop specialized product lines that combine organic carbon with other elements to solve specific problems, for example, &#8220;OC + Silicon&#8221; for anti-lodging, &#8220;OC + Phosphorus-solubilizing Microbes&#8221; for phosphorus-poor soils, or &#8220;OC + Salt-tolerant Microbes&#8221; for areas affected by saltwater intrusion.<\/li> <li><strong>Building Value Chains:<\/strong> Play a pioneering role in building value chains, from supplying inputs like products from ([https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/](https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/)), providing technical advice, to purchasing products and carbon credits, creating a mutually beneficial ecosystem with farmers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>For Policymakers and Agricultural Extension Agencies:<\/h4>\n<ul> <li><strong>Integration into National Policies:<\/strong> More strongly integrate the management of organic carbon and soil health into key national programs and projects, especially the &#8220;Sustainable Development of 1 Million Hectares of High-Quality, Low-Emission Rice&#8221; project.<\/li> <li><strong>Development and Dissemination of Standards:<\/strong> Issue quality standards for organic carbon products circulating in the market. Develop standard cultivation processes that incorporate the use of organic carbon and disseminate them widely to farmers through the agricultural extension system.<\/li> <li><strong>Creating a Legal Corridor for the Carbon Market:<\/strong> Accelerate the development and finalization of the legal corridor, and the Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) mechanism so that the carbon credit market for the rice industry can operate transparently and effectively, bringing real benefits to farmers and contributing to Vietnam&#8217;s commitments at COP26.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nIn conclusion, organic carbon is no longer an abstract concept of soil science but has become a powerful tool, a viable strategic solution. Investing in organic carbon is investing in the future of Vietnam&#8217;s rice industry \u2013 a future that is more productive, more sustainable, and more prosperous.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction: Towards 1 Million Hectares of High-Quality, Low-Emission Rice Vietnam is on the verge of a historic transformation in its rice industry with the government-approved project &#8220;Sustainable Development of 1 Million Hectares of High-Quality, Low-Emission Rice Cultivation linked to Green Growth in the Mekong Delta by 2030&#8221;. This project not only aims to increase the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":27375,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1070,55,99,59,1600,94,113],"tags":[3928,3934,3938,3943,3922,3930,3942,3940,3923,3921,1172,3932,3935,3939,3929,3933,3937,3931,3925,3941,3927,3926,3554,3924,3936,4123,2851,1553,1293,4124,479,1294,1559,689,2867,1602,1566,2956,1289,2954],"class_list":["post-27363","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agriculture","category-company-newsletter","category-nema2-en-2","category-practical-application","category-rice-plant","category-success-story","category-user-guide","tag-1millionhectaresriceproject","tag-agriculturaleconomics","tag-agriculture4-0","tag-bacillusbacteria","tag-bacillussubtilis","tag-biologicalsolutions","tag-carboncredits","tag-circularagriculture","tag-climatechange","tag-foodsecurity","tag-greenagriculture","tag-greenhousegasreduction","tag-highqualityrice","tag-hightechagriculture","tag-mekongdelta","tag-methanereduction","tag-netzero2050","tag-reduceagriculturalcosts","tag-ricecultivation","tag-riceryieldincrease","tag-ricevaluechain","tag-smartfarming","tag-soilhealth","tag-soilremediation","tag-vietnamrice","tag-bacillus-subtilis-en","tag-environmentalprotection","tag-green-agriculture","tag-land-improvement","tag-net-zero-2050-en","tag-nong-nghiep-ben-vung","tag-organic-carbon-en-2","tag-organic-carbon-en-3","tag-organiccarbon-en","tag-organicfertilizer","tag-rice-cultivation","tag-soil-microorganisms","tag-soilmicroorganisms","tag-sustainable-agriculture","tag-sustainableagriculture"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Giai-Phap-Canh-Tac-Lua-Nuoc-Nang-Cao-Nang-Suat-va-Tinh-Ben-Vung-1-1.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27363","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27363"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27363\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30646,"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27363\/revisions\/30646"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27375"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27363"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27363"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jvsf.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}